Urban Cruise Ship

Solution / Endeavor	Cost (Billion USD/yr)	Benefit (Billion USD/yr)	Efficiency (Benefit / Cost)	Net Benefit (Benefit - Cost)	CO² Reduction megaTon/yr	Habitat Preservation (km²)	Sources
5% Methanol in Gasoline - U.S.	$11.2	$13.2	1.2	2.0	11.4
Accelerate Development and Deployment of Geothermal - World	$23.6	$28.3	1.2	4.7	16
Accelerate Investment into Solar Energy - World	$1,105.3	$1,591.2	1.4	485.9	8,770
Accelerate Investment into Wind Energy - World	$893.86	$1,492.38	1.7	598.5	8,225
Advanced Reactor Technology R&D – U.S.	$0.46	$1.32	2.9	0.9
Advanced Solar Cell Technology R&D – U.S.	$0.83	$12.5	15.1	11.7
Building Envelope Modeling Software Standardization - U.S.	$0.002	$1	500.0	1.0	11.9
Carbon Pricing	$93.3	$137.5	1.5	44.2	1,600
Clean Energy Standard - U.S.	$36.7	$58.9	1.6	22.2	1,000
Coal Phase Out - World	$1,700	$5,100	3.0	3400.0	17,000
Concentrated Solar Power Plants R&D – U.S.	$0.83	$6.6	8.0	5.8
Concentrating Solar PV R&D – U.S.	$0.83	$10.8	13.0	10.0
Construct a High-Voltage-Direct-Current Grid - U.S.	$220	$671	3.0	451.0	480
Dam Decommissioning Fund - U.S.	$0.11	$0.23	2.1	0.1
Dimethyl Ether for trucks - U.S.	$0.3119	$0.54	1.7	0.2	1.51
Electrofuels for Aviation	$381	$552	1.4	171.0	2,253
Enhanced Geothermal R&D – U.S.	$0.83	$4.8	5.8	4.0
Europe Should Maintain Nuclear Fleet	$20	$60	3.0	40.0	172
Fund Wave Energy Research - U.S.	$0.008	$0.019	2.4	0.0	2.9
Geothermal Categorical Exclusion - U.S.	$3.4926	$19.5871	5.6	16.1	96.279
Greater Up-front Incentives for Electric Vehicles - U.S.	$373	$435	1.2	62.0	130
Green Steel	$953.9676	$959.7436	1.0	5.8	2,179.625
Grid Battery Deployment for Load Balancing	$41.7	$84.1	2.0	42.4	91
Heat Pump Mandate - U.S.	$0.0031	$0.008	2.6	0.0	0.044
Heat Recovery Loan Program - U.S	$1.1	$2	1.8	0.9	14.9
Higher CAFE Standards - U.S.	$12.58	$14.14	1.1	1.6	0.002
Inert Anodes	$9.6268	$29.0342	3.0	19.4	169.394
Lighting Technology R&D	$0.625	$31	49.6	30.4	79
Low-carbon Cement Standards - World	$2.6	$7.79	3.0	5.2	48
Low-Carbon Methanol Plants	$3.6071	$4.545	1.3	0.9	32.143
Luminescent Solar Concentrator Technology R&D – U.S.	$0.83	$1.76	2.1	0.9
Maintenance of Peace - World	$6.4	$25.6	4.0	19.2
Methane Capture from Waste - World	$11.2205	$55.8323	5.0	44.6	394.857
Methane Control on Coal Mines	$3.3	$31	9.4	27.7	620
Methane Control on Oil Wells	$0.633	$49	77.4	48.4	980
Natural Gas - Tighter Regulation on Leakage	$0.285	$40	140.4	39.7	800
Natural Gas Plants with Carbon Capture - World	$22.1	$22.7	1.0	0.6	100
Oil Spill Liability Trust Fund - U.S.	$0.0383	$0.5	13.1	0.5
Onshore Power for Ships at Port - World	$1.02	$2.54	2.5	1.5	11.7
Pedestrian Skybridge - Manhattan	$13	$22	1.7	9.0
Platooning Bus Rapid Transit	$0.3712	$7.0517	19.0	6.7	0.26
Production Tax Credit	$4	$4.7333	1.2	0.7	95
R&D Into Solar Heat- World	$69.9	$123.5	1.8	53.6	1,180
Renewable Microgrids - US Military	$0.031	$0.041	1.3	0.0	0.057
Replace Gasoline with Methanol - Fleet	$0.0006	$0.0022	3.8	0.0
Replace Peaker Plants with Storage - U.S.	$17.22	$27	1.6	9.8	63.3
Retrofit Wind Turbines with Winglets	$1.4951	$3.8705	2.6	2.4	1.12
Small Modular Reactor R&D – U.S.	$0.46	$6	13.0	5.5
Solar Investment Tax Credit - U.S.	$0.64	$0.862	1.3	0.2
Upgrade Power Grid - U.S.	$40	$112	2.8	72.0
Wind Turbine Drivetrain R&D - U.S.	$0.0492	$0.1968	4.0	0.1
Ban Lead Paint	$0.005	$2	400.0	2.0
Ban Nontherapeutic Livestock Antibiotics	$0.3	$5.58	18.6	5.3
Complimentary Feeding Education - LI/LMI Countries	$4.513	$40.148	8.9	35.6
First Expired First Out Food Inventory Management- US	$0.315	$1.43	4.5	1.1	1.54
Hermetic Storage for Postharvest Loss - Tanzania	$59.9	$276.4	4.6	216.5	1.44
Improved Prenatal Supplements - Low Income Countries	$0.3	$5.58	18.6	5.3
Meat Tax - U.S.	$0.027	$26.3	974.1	26.3	135	341,000km²
Modern Cooking Fuels	$14.4	$100	6.9	85.6
Modular Island Desalination - Mediterranean Islands	$0.004	$0.037	9.3	0.0	0.05
Pesticide Tax - World	$0.0257	$0.0888	3.5	0.1
Plant-based Info. Advocacy Campaign - U.S.	$0.48	$10.65	22.2	10.2	88
Precision Agriculture R&D	$9.94	$198.8	20.0	188.9
Reduce Restaurant Meal Sizes	$0.44	$9.03	20.5	8.6	13
Research to Improve Agricultural Yields - Global South	$1.7	$60	35.3	58.3
School Lunch Meat Removal - U.S.	$0.013	$7.65	588.5	7.6	27.8
Standardized Food Labeling - U.S.	$381	$552	1.4	171.0	2,253
Supplementary Food Program - LI/LMI Countries	$3.248	$44.515	13.7	41.3
ULAB Site Remediation	$0.412	$6.3624	15.4	6.0
Ultrafiltration Membrane Technology for Water Filtration - U.S.	$7.89	$17.34	2.2	9.4	0.25
Wastewater Treatment and Reuse	$17	$23	1.4	6.0
Water Desalination	$10	$3.5	0.3	-6.5
Biochar for Carbon Sequestration - World	$225	$248.35	1.1	23.3	2,500
Genetic Screening for Cardiovascular Disease - US Employers	$2.5	$3.2	1.3	0.7
Increased Adaptation Investment - World	$150	$720	4.8	570.0
Phase Out Asbestos Usage - World	$6.05	$1,005	166.1	999.0
Plan to End TB - World	$2.6	$99.6	38.3	97.0
Plan to End Tuberculosis - World	$2.66	$99.6	37.4	96.9
Radon Testing for Low-Income Households - U.S.	$1.08	$16.4	15.2	15.3
Reforestation and Afforestation - World	$190	$1,770	9.3	1580.0	7,626	3,040,000km²
Reverse Osmosis Arsenic Filtration - World	$2.58	$2.1	0.8	-0.5
Wildlife Corridors - U.S.	$4.8	$9.4	2.0	4.6
Development Set Patterns - U.S.	$1,540	$1,633	1.1	93.0	21.2	42,000km²
Green Roofs in Urban Planning - US	$5.56	$19.08	3.4	13.5
Heat Mitigation through Trees - World	$46.19	$89.62	1.9	43.4	25.26
LED Street Lights With Full Cut-Off Shielding - World	$15.5	$20.8	1.3	5.3	27.4
Loosen Floor Area Ratio Rules for Residential - U.S.	$139	$274	2.0	135.0	2.6	7,947km²
Loosen Minimum Parking Lot Size Rules - U.S.	$0.703	$16.4	23.3	15.7	4.5	2,456km²
Quieter Pavement	$1.3318	$1.7829	1.3	0.5
Remove Parking Minimums - U.S.	$0.044	$0.929	21.1	0.9	0.001	139km²
Trucking Road Usage Charge - U.S.	$13	$129	9.9	116.0
Composting Infrastructure	$97.56	$220.89	2.3	123.3	361.1
Deep Borehole Disposal	$0.2162	$0.8324	3.9	0.6	17
Establish E-waste Infrastructure - US	$32.26	$55.38	1.7	23.1	70.8
Extended Producer Responsibility for Discarded Blades	$1.5748	$4.3495	2.8	2.8	10
Increase Plastic Tax - U.K.	$0.1372	$0.178	1.3	0.0	1.8
Landfill Tax - World	$7.5	$62.75	8.4	55.3	79.68
Waste Levy on Coal Burning - World	$7.5	$10.4	1.4	2.9
Ban Bottom Trawling - E.U.	$0.34	$2.42	7.1	2.1	5.5	162,000km²
Department of Energy Support for Offshore Wind	$11.6349	$12.0714	1.0	0.4	34.006
Derelict Fishing Gear Buyback	$0.1186	$7.4512	62.8	7.3
Increase Marine Protected Areas - World	$835	$1,274	1.5	439.0	680	78,000,000km²
IUU Fishing Global Reporting Requirements	$2.4	$11	4.6	8.6
Ocean Geoengineering Research - World	$1.4	$47.5	33.9	46.1	2,500
Scientific Whaling Ban - World	$0.31	$1.456	4.7	1.1	0.24
Set Ship Speed Limits - World	$16.5	$55.4	3.4	38.9	93.2
Asteroid Monitoring and Deflection - US	$0.25	$8.9	35.6	8.7
Low Ozone Depletion Rocket Fuels	$29.4655	$52.3881	1.8	22.9
15% Meat Tax, Netherlands (2020-2050)	$25.64	$29.34	1.1	3.7			7
30% Meat Tax, Netherlands (2020-2050)	$49.26	$54.15	1.1	4.9			7
Acid Rain Program, U.S. (2010)	$4.58	$186.45	40.7	181.9			6
Air Pollution Control, China (2013-2017)	$240	$342	1.4	102.0			65
Airport Expansion, New Zealand (2016-2059)	$0.99	$1.61	1.6	0.6			60
Airport Runway Extension, Malaysia (2019-2030)	$0.0058	$0.0196	3.4	0.0			42
Airport Runway Extension, U.K. (2014-2050)	$41.6	$73.66	1.8	32.1			57
Anti-Bullying Campaign, Netherlands (2012-2014)	$0	$0	4.0	0.0			33
Anti-Malaria Campaign, China (2005-2019)	$0.0124	$2.37	191.3	2.4			2
Antibiotics Conservation, Canada (2005)	$0.0047	$0.36	76.6	0.4			5
Bicycle Commuting Route, Spain (2006-2032)	$0.0558	$0.1287	2.3	0.1			50
Bottle Deposit Program, Israel (Annual)	$0.0363	$0.05	1.4	0.0			66
Bovine Viral Diarrhoea Eradication, Austria (1998-2004)	$0.0018	$0.0022	1.2	0.0			73
Building Energy Efficiency, Qatar (Annual)	$2.05	$13.4	6.5	11.4			17
Building Technology R&D, U.S. (1976-2015)	$0.36	$1.531	4.3	1.2			30
Coastal Flooding Management, U.K. (2007-2017)	$0.154	$0.244	1.6	0.1			61
Combustion Engine R&D, USDOE (1986-2007)	$0.53	$2.823	5.3	2.3			24
Congestion Pricing, Sweden (Annual)	$0.91	$2.33	2.6	1.4			48
COVID-19 Lockdown, U.K. (June 2020 to August 2020)	$116	$9.6	0.1	-106.4			79
COVID-19 Lockdown, U.S. (March 2020 to July 2020)	$331.5	$605.9	1.8	274.4			56
Driverless Metro, Italy (35-Year Model)	$1	$2.7	2.7	1.7			46
Earthquake Risk Mitigation for Schools, World (50-Year Model)	$238.62	$876.48	3.7	637.9			38
Efficient Water Heater Requirement for New Homes, U.S. (10-Year Model)	$0.0292	$0.1078	3.7	0.1			37
Energy Crops in Urban Parks, Poland (20-Year Model)	$0.0039	$0.0048	1.2	0.0			69
Energy Efficiency Regulation, USDOE (Annual)	$10.07	$29.31	2.9	19.2			45
Erie Canal, U.S. (1817-1880)	$1.78	$5.5	3.1	3.7			43
Flood Risk Reduction w/Afforestation, U.K. (75 Year Model)	$0.0017	$0.004	2.4	0.0			49
Fruit & Vegetable Subsidy, Netherlands (2020-2050)	$0.12	$2.227	18.6	2.1			7
Geothermal R&D, USDOE, (1980-2008)	$2.03	$9.87	4.9	7.8			26
Government Compensation for Kidney Donors, U.S. (Annual)	$18.3	$74	4.0	55.7			32
Grid-Scale Electrical Energy Storage, G.B. (2017-2020)	$0.0178	$0.0215	1.2	0.0			71
High-Speed Rail, Hong Kong to China (2010 to indefinite future)	$22.95	$25.38	1.1	2.4			74
Human Genome Project, World (1990-2010)	$6.67	$947.66	142.1	941.0			4
Hybrid + Electric Vehicle R&D, USDOE (1992-2012)	$1.11	$4.01	3.6	2.9			39
Industrial Energy Efficiency, U.S. (Annual)	$0.09	$0.51	5.7	0.4			22
Intelligent Connected Vehicles (ICV), China (2015-2050)	$2,270	$4,210	1.9	1940.0			53
Interstate Corridor Extension, Central U.S. (20-Year Model)	$2.18	$14.76	6.8	12.6			14
Interstate Corridor Extension, Southwest U.S. (2024-2054)	$7.51	$9.39	1.3	1.9			68
Interstate Highway System, U.S. (1950-1989)	$549.69	$3,300	6.0	2750.3			18, 19
Irrigation Modernization, Spain (25-Year Model)	$1.43	$5.84	4.1	4.4			31
Landfill Recycling, China (3-Year Model)	$0.007	$0.0093	1.3	0.0			67
Large Hadron Collider, World (1998-2025)	$19.37	$23.53	1.2	4.2			70
Lear's Macaw Species Preservation, Brazil (1992-2017)	$0.0039	$0.0004	0.1	-0.0			78
London Olympics, U.K. (2012)	$12.58	$7.36	0.6	-5.2			75
Manure Digester Bags, Vietnam (10-Year Model) per kiloton	$0.0004	$0.002	4.6	0.0	424		28
MDMA Therapy for PTSD, U.S. (2021-2051)	$0.007	$0.111	15.9	0.1			8
Mercury Reduction, Australia (All future benefits/costs after ratification.)	$0.1453	$0.441	3.0	0.3			44
Montreal Protocol on Ozone, World (1987-2060)	$381.04	$2,540	6.7	2159.0			15, 16
NASA Life Sciences R&D, select projects (1959-2002)	$0.42	$2.39	5.7	2.0			21
National Institutes of Health, U.S. (2020)	$41.7	$61.3	1.5	19.6			63, 64
National Parks, U.S. (Annual)	$3.62	$14.07	3.9	10.4			35
New Western Sydney Airport, Australia (2015-2075)	$4.96	$9.48	1.9	4.5			52
Panama Canal, Global Commerce (1903-1937)	$11.56	$22.76	2.0	11.2			51
Path Network (Cycle & Walk), Norway (25-Year Model)	$0.157	$0.756	4.8	0.6			27
Phaseout of Lead in Gasoline, U.S. (1983 - 1986)	$4.73	$64.58	13.7	59.8			9
Polio Vaccination Campaign, U.S. (1955-2005)	$8.1	$1,800	222.2	1791.9			1
Recycling Hen & Cattle Dung, Taiwan per kiloton	$0.0002	$0.0004	2.7	0.0			47
Recycling Pig Manure, Taiwan per kiloton	$0.0002	$0.0002	1.1	0.0			47
Renewable Portfolio Standards, U.S. (2015-2050)	$33.76	$280.93	8.3	247.2			13
Repairing Existing Road Network, Albania (25-Year Model)	$0.0644	$0.0198	0.3	-0.0			77
River Restoration, Switzerland (35-Year Model)	$0.0635	$0.8625	13.6	0.8			10
Rural Broadband Service, U.S. (2018-2038)	$0.1942	$0.7687	4.0	0.6			34
Shale and Gas Exploration, Romania (2017-2047)	$147.5	$83.55	0.6	-64.0			76
Smallpox Eradication, World (1959-1977)	$1.48	$234.37	158.4	232.9			3
Smoking Cessation, U.S. (Annual)	$0.19	$0.66	3.5	0.5			41
Solar Photovoltaic R&D, USDOE (1975-2008)	$4.53	$8.3	1.8	3.8			55
Summer Reading Program, U.S. (Annual)	$0.0182	$0.07	3.8	0.1			36
Sunscreen Campaign, Australia (2006-2013)	$0.0167	$0.06	3.6	0.0			40
Supervised Injection Facility, U.S. (Annual)	$0.0028	$0.0051	1.8	0.0			54
Three Gorges Dam, China (1993-2100)	$124.39	$192.22	1.5	67.8			62
Transportation Safety Regulations, U.S. (2006-2015)	$11.86	$29.02	2.4	17.2			45
Treatment of Juvenile Males, U.S. (Annual)	$0.0003	$0.0004	1.2	0.0			72
truth® Anti-smoking Campaign, U.S. (2000-2002)	$0.391	$2.29	5.9	1.9			20
U.S. Invasion & Occupation of Iraq (2003-2011)	$6,400	$72.9	0.0	-6327.1			80
Universal Preschool, Spain (Annual)	$13.56	$58.42	4.3	44.9			29
Vehicle Exhaust Catalyst Mandate, U.K. (1993-2005)	$3.65	$6.32	1.7	2.7			58
Violence Against Women Act, U.S. (1994-1999)	$2.86	$29.3	10.2	26.4			12
Wastewater Treatment, Serbia (2015-2044)	$0.0151	$0.0247	1.6	0.0			59
Weather Forecasting, U.S. (Annual)	$6.23	$67.7	10.9	61.5			11
Wind Energy R&D, USDOE (1976-2008)	$1.72	$8.72	5.1	7.0			25

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29.

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30.

Gallaher, M., Scott, T., Oliver, Z., Clark-Sutton, K., Anderson, B., Ruegg, R. "Benefit-Cost Evaluation of U.S. Department of Energy Investment in HVAC, Water Heating, and Appliance Technologies". RTI International and TIA Consulting, prepared for Building Technologies Office, Office of Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy. September 2017.

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31.

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32.

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33.

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34.

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35.

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36.

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37.

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38.

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39.

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40.

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41.

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42.

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43.

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44.

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45.

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46.

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47.

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48.

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49.

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50.

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51.

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52.

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54.

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55.

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56.

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57.

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58.

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59.

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60.

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61.

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62.

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63.

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64.

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65.

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66.

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67.

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68.

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70.

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71.

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72.

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73.

Marshik, T., Obritzhauser, W., Wagner, P., Richter, T., Mayerhofer, M., Egger-Danner, C., Käsbohrer, A., Pinior, B. "A cost-benefit analysis and the potential trade effects of the bovine viral diarrhoea eradication programme in Styria, Austria". The Veterinary Journal 231, pp. 19-29. January 2018.

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74.

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75.

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76.

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77.

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78.

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79.

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80.

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